Open-Heart Surgery: Required for more severe congenital heart defects such as: Tetralogy of Fallot: Surgery is used to repair the four defects affecting blood flow to the lungs and heart. Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS): A series of surgeries, including the Norwood, Glenn, and Fontan procedures, are performed to reconstruct the heart and improve blood flow in this life-threatening condition. Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA): Arterial switch surgery is performed to correct the position of the aorta and pulmonary artery. Coarctation of the Aorta: Surgery to remove the narrowed portion of the aorta and reattach the healthy segments. Heart Valve Repair or Replacement: Defective heart valves may need to be repaired (e.g., mitral valve repair) or replaced with mechanical or biological valves if severely damaged. Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR) Repair: A condition where the pulmonary veins do not connect normally to the left atrium. Surgery reconnects the veins to the correct part of the heart. Blalock-Taussig Shunt: A temporary procedure often used for babies with certain congenital heart defects (like Tetralogy of Fallot) to increase blood flow to the lungs until a more permanent surgery can be performed.